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Common traits include , a vocal style, heavily distorted played with , raw recording, unconventional , and an emphasis on atmosphere. Artists often appear in and adopt pseudonyms. During the 1980s, several and bands formed a prototype for black metal. This so-called first wave included bands such as , , , and. A second wave arose in the early-1990s, spearheaded by bands such as , , , , , and. The developed the style of their forebears into a distinct genre. Norwegian-inspired black metal scenes emerged throughout Europe and North America, although some other scenes developed their own styles independently. Some prominent bands spawned during this second wave, such as , and. Many artists express extreme and views, advocating various forms of or. In the 1990s, members of the scene were responsible for a spate of and murders. There is also a small within black metal, although it has been shunned by many prominent artists. Generally, black metal strives to remain , inaccessible to the mainstream and those who are. Although contemporary black metal typically refers to the Norwegian style with shrieking vocals and raw production, the term has also been applied to bands with widely differing sounds. Instrumentation and song structure Norwegian-inspired black metal guitarists usually favor high-pitched or guitar tones and heavy. The guitar is usually played with fast, un-. Guitarists often use —along with specific , and chord progressions—to create a sense of dread. The , or flat-fifth, is often used. The is seldom used to play stand-alone melodies. It is not uncommon for the bass to be muted against the guitar, or for it to follow the low-pitched riffs of the guitar. Some newer black metal bands began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as and even. The is usually fast and relies on and to maintain tempos that can sometimes approach 300 beats per minute. These fast tempos require great skill and physical stamina, typified by black metal drummers Frost and Hellhammer. Even still, is still prioritized over technique. Black metal songs often stray from and often lack clear verse-chorus sections. Instead, many black metal songs contain lengthy and repetitive instrumental sections. The Greek style—established by , and Varathron —has more and traits than Norwegian black metal. Members of Gorgoroth wearing typical black metal gear such as corpse paint, spikes and bullet belts. The band was formed by guitarist to express his beliefs. Vocals and lyrics Traditional black metal bands tend to favor raspy, high-pitched vocals which include techniques such as shrieking, screaming, and snarling, a vocal style influenced by of. Black metal lyrics typically attack Christianity and the other institutional religions, often using apocalyptic language. Another topic often found in black metal lyrics is that of the wild and extreme aspects and phenomena of the natural world, particularly the wilderness, forests, mountains, winter, storms, and blizzards. Black metal also has a fascination with the distant past. Many bands write about the mythology and folklore of their homelands and promote a revival of pre-Christian, pagan traditions. A significant number of bands write lyrics only in their native language and a few e. For more information about black metal lyrics, see the below. Imagery and performances A common black metal convention is the use of corpse paint, black-and-white make-up intended to make the wearer look inhuman, corpse-like, or demonic. Shown here: Taalroth of French Pagan black metal band Hindvir. Many bands choose not to play live. Some bands consider their concerts to be rituals and often make use of stage props and theatrics. Bands such as and are noted for their controversial shows, which have featured impaled animal heads, mock crucifixions, medieval weaponry and band members doused in animal blood. A few vocalists, such as , and , are known for while singing onstage. Black metal artists often appear dressed in black with combat boots, bullet belts, spiked wristbands and and to reinforce their anti-Christian or anti-religious stance. However, the most stand-out trait is their use of corpse paint — black and white face paint sometimes mixed with real or fake blood, which is used to create a corpse-like or demonic appearance. The imagery of black metal reflects its lyrics and ideology. This was partly a reaction against death metal bands, who at that time had begun to use brightly colored album artwork. Many purist black metal artists have continued this style. Black metal album covers are typically dark and tend to be atmospheric or provocative; some feature natural or fantasy landscapes for example 's and Emperor's while others are violent, sexually transgressive, sacrilegious, or iconoclastic for example 's and 's. However, even when success allowed access to professional studios, many artists instead chose to continue making lo-fi recordings. Many have claimed that black metal was originally intended only for those who were part of the scene and not for a wider audience. There are also some who argue that albums like 's or 's began the second wave. Roots Occult and Satanic lyrical themes were present in the music of heavy metal and rock bands of the late-1960s and early-1970s such as and. In the late-1970s, the form of rough and aggressive heavy metal played by the British band gained popularity. Many first wave black metal bands would cite Motörhead as an influence. Also popular in the late-1970s, came to influence the birth of black metal. I was just starting to play an instrument and I had no idea you could go so far. First wave Venom's album titled inspired the name of the genre The first wave of black metal refers to those bands during the 1980s who influenced the black metal sound and formed a prototype for the genre. They were often or bands. Although deemed thrash metal rather than black metal by today's standards, the album's lyrics and imagery focused more on anti-Christian and Satanic themes than any before it. Their music was fast, unpolished in production and with raspy or grunted vocals. Venom's members also adopted pseudonyms, a practice that would become widespread among black metal musicians. Quorthon of the band Bathory breathing fire Another major influence on black metal was the Swedish band. The band, led by Thomas Forsberg a. Not only was Bathory's music dark, fast, heavily distorted, lo-fi and with anti-Christian themes, Quorthon was also the first to use the shrieked vocals that came to define black metal. The band played in this style on their first four albums: 1984 , 1985 , 1987 and 1988. With Blood Fire Death and the two following albums, Bathory pioneered the style that would become known as. The lyrics also became more personal, with topics about inner feelings and majestic stories. The Danish band influenced the Norwegian scene with their imagery and lyrics. Frontman , who wore ghoulish black-and-white facepaint on stage, may be one of the inspirators of what became known as 'corpse paint'. Other acts which adopted a similar appearance on stage were , Celtic Frost and the Brazilian extreme metal band Sarcófago. Other artists usually considered part of this movement include , and from Germany , and from Italy , whose vocalist Steve Sylvester was a member of the. Other early black metal bands include formed 1983 in Japan , formed 1983 in Colombia , formed 1985 in Israel and formed 1986 in Italy. Japanese band formed in 1990 and was in regular contact with key members of the Norwegian scene. In the years before the Norwegian black metal scene arose, important recordings were released by and from Czechoslovakia , from the United States , from Greece , Samael from Switzerland and from Canada , whose debut album 1990 is considered one of the most influential records for the war metal style. In 1990 and 1991, Northern European metal acts began to release music influenced by these bands or the older ones from the first wave. In Sweden, this included Marduk, , and. In Finland, there emerged a scene that mixed the first wave black metal style with elements of death metal and ; this included , and , whose debut album Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz Rock Hard journalist Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann considers a part of war metal's roots. Bands such as and emerged during this time in the United States, when death metal was more popular among extreme metal fans. The Norwegian band Mayhem's concert in Leipzig with and in 1990, later released as , was said to have had a strong influence on the East German scene and is even called the unofficial beginning of German black metal. Second wave Norwegian black metal band Immortal influenced countless bands in the black metal genre. The second wave of black metal began in the early-1990s and was spearheaded by the Norwegian black metal scene. During 1990—1993, a number of Norwegian artists began performing and releasing a new kind of black metal music; this included , , , , , , , , and. They developed the style of their 1980s forebears into a distinct genre. The wearing of became standard, and was a way for many black metal artists to distinguish themselves from other metal bands of the era. The scene also had an ideology and ethos. Artists were bitterly opposed to Christianity and presented themselves as misanthropic Devil worshippers who wanted to spread terror, hatred and evil. They professed to be serious in their views and vowed to act on them. Some members of the scene were responsible for a spate of church burnings and murder, which eventually drew attention to it and led to a number of artists being imprisoned. Helvete and Deathlike Silence The basement of Helvete, showing graffiti from the early-1990s During May—June 1991, Euronymous of Mayhem opened an independent record shop named Helvete for hell in Oslo. It quickly became the focal point of Norway's emerging black metal scene and a meeting place for many of its musicians; especially the members of Mayhem, Burzum, Emperor and Thorns. In its basement, Euronymous founded an named. With the rising popularity of his band and others like it, the underground success of Euronymous's label is often credited for encouraging other record labels, who had previously shunned black metal acts, to then reconsider and release their material. Fellow musicians described Dead as odd, introverted and depressed. Before going onstage he went to great lengths to make himself look like a corpse and would cut his arms while singing. Mayhem's drummer, , said that Dead was the first to wear the distinctive corpse paint that became widespread in the scene. He was found with slit wrists and a wound to the head. Before calling the police, Euronymous got a disposable camera and photographed the body, after re-arranging some items. One of these photographs was later used as the cover of a bootleg live album,. Euronymous made necklaces with bits of Dead's skull and gave some to musicians he deemed worthy. Rumors also spread that he had made a stew with bits of his brain. Euronymous used Dead's suicide to foster Mayhem's evil image and claimed Dead had killed himself because extreme metal had become trendy and commercialized. Two other members of the early Norwegian scene would later commit suicide: of Immortal, , Gorgoroth in 1999 and Espen 'Storm' Andersen of in 2001. Church burnings The In 1992, members of the Norwegian black metal scene began a wave of arson attacks on Christian churches. By 1996, there had been at least 50 such attacks in Norway. Some of the buildings were hundreds of years old and seen as important historical landmarks. The first to be burnt down was Norway's. Police believe of Burzum was responsible. In May 1994, Vikernes was found guilty for burning down , Skjold Church and. To coincide with the release of Mayhem's , Vikernes and Euronymous had also allegedly plotted to bomb , which appears on the album cover. The musicians , , both of Emperor and of were also convicted for church arsons. Members of the Swedish scene started to burn churches in 1993. Mayhem drummer Hellhammer said he had called for attacks on mosques and Hindu temples, on the basis that they were more foreign. Today, opinions on the church burnings differ within the black metal community. Others, such as Necrobutcher and Kjetil Manheim of Mayhem and of Immortal, see the church burnings as having been futile. Murder of Euronymous In early 1993, animosity arose between Euronymous and Vikernes. On the night of 10 August 1993, Varg Vikernes of Burzum and Snorre 'Blackthorn' Ruch of Thorns drove from Bergen to Euronymous's apartment in Oslo. When they arrived a confrontation began and Vikernes stabbed Euronymous to death. His body was found outside the apartment with 23 cut wounds — two to the head, five to the neck, and sixteen to the back. It has been speculated that the murder was the result of either a power struggle, a financial dispute over Burzum records or an attempt at outdoing a stabbing in Lillehammer the year before by Faust. Vikernes denies all of these, claiming that he attacked Euronymous in self-defense. He says that Euronymous had plotted to stun him with an , tie him up and torture him to death while videotaping the event. He said Euronymous planned to use a meeting about an unsigned contract to ambush him. He also claims that most of the cuts were from broken glass Euronymous had fallen on during the struggle. The self-defense story is doubted by Faust and other members of the scene. Vikernes was arrested on 19 August 1993, in Bergen. Many other members of the scene were taken in for questioning around the same time. Some of them confessed to their crimes and implicated others. In May 1994, Vikernes was sentenced to 21 years in prison Norway's maximum penalty for the murder of Euronymous, the arson of four churches, and for possession of 150 kg of explosives. However, he only confessed to the latter. Vikernes smiled when his verdict was read and the picture was widely reprinted in the news media. Blackthorn was sentenced to eight years in prison for being an accomplice to the murder. That month saw the release of Mayhem's album De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas, which featured Euronymous on guitar and Vikernes on bass guitar. In 2003, Vikernes failed to return to Tønsberg prison after being given a short leave. He was re-arrested shortly after while driving a stolen car with various weapons. Vikernes was released on in 2009. Outside Norway is a black metal band from Belgium Black metal scenes also emerged on the European mainland during the early-1990s, inspired by the Norwegian scene or the older bands, or both. In , a scene was spearheaded by and. In , a close-knit group of musicians known as emerged; this included artists such as , , Belketre and Torgeist. In , there were acts such as and. Bands such as , and emerged during this time in the United States. The band then abandoned black metal for gothic metal, becoming one of the most successful bands to date. Some black metal fans did not consider Cradle of Filth to be black metal. When asked if he considers Cradle of Filth a black metal band, vocalist said he considers them black metal in terms of philosophy and atmosphere, but not in other ways. The controversy surrounding drew attention to the black metal scene. In 1993, the members murdered a boy from their school, Sandro Beyer. A photo of Beyer's gravestone is on the cover of one of their demos, Thuringian Pagan Madness, along with pro-Nazi statements. It was recorded in prison and released in Poland by Graveland drummer Capricornus. After the second wave Dimmu Borgir pictured plays black metal music that features synthesizers and orchestras. Newer black metal bands also began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as and even full-symphony. Since 1993, the Swedish scene had carried out church burnings, grave desecration and other violent acts. In 1995, of joined the MLO. In 1997, he and another MLO member were arrested and charged with. Nödtveidt received a 10-year sentence. As the victim was a homosexual immigrant, Dissection was accused of being a Nazi band, but Nödtveidt denied this and dismissed racism and nationalism. The Swedish band , founded in 1996, began writing music almost exclusively about depression and suicide, musically inspired by Strid and by Burzum's albums and. However, he stopped using the term in 2001 because it had begun to be used by a slew of other bands, who he felt had misinterpreted his vision and were using the music as a kind of therapy rather than a weapon against the listener as Kvarforth intended. The lyrics contain from the Liber Azerate and are based on the organization's teachings. A part of the underground scene adopted a interpretation of the church burnings and other acts of the early scene as the re-emergence of ancient archetypes, which Kadmon of and the authors of had implied in their writings. They mixed this interpretation with Paganism and Nationalism. In France, besides Les Légions Noires The Black Legions , a NSBM scene arose. Members of French band Funeral desecrated a grave in in June 1996, and a 19-year-old black metal fan stabbed a priest to death in on Christmas Eve 1996. Many French bands, like and Aosoth, have an avantgarde approach and a disharmonic sound that is representative of that scene. The early American black metal bands remained underground. Some of them—like and —joined an international NSBM organization called the Pagan Front, although Judas Iscariot sole member left the organization. Other bands like never had any link with Nazism. The US bands have no common style. Many were musically inspired by Burzum but did not necessarily adopt Vikernes's ideas. Profanatica's music is close to death metal, while Demoncy were accused of ripping off Gorgoroth riffs. In Australia, a scene led by bands like , , , and arose. This scene's typical style is a mixture of old school black metal and raw thrash metal influenced by old Celtic Frost, Bathory, Venom and Sodom but also with its own elements. Melechesh began as a straightforward black metal act with their first foray into occurring on their 1996 EP. Their subsequent albums straddled black, death, and thrash metal. Another band, , was formed in the late-1990s and has relationships with Melechesh and Salem. Since the 2000s, a number of and black metal bands—whose members come from Muslim backgrounds—have emerged in the. Janaza, believed to be 's first female black metal artist, released the demo Burning Quran Ceremony in 2010. Its frontwoman, Anahita, claimed her parents and brother were killed by a during the. Another Iraqi band, Seeds of Iblis, released their debut EP Jihad Against Islam in 2011 through French label Legion of Death. Metal news website Metalluminati suggests that their claims of being based in Iraq are a hoax. Another Lebanese band, , drew much attention with their debut album Six Years of Dormant Hatred, released through North American label Moribund Records in 2008. Some European bands have also begun expressing anti-Islamic views, most notably the Norwegian band. The former believe that the music should always be — performed only with the standard guitar-bass-drums setup and recorded in a style. One supporter of this train of thought is of , who has rejected labeling his band black metal for its departure from the genre's typical sound. Since the 1990s, different styles of black metal have emerged and some have melded Norwegian-style black metal with other genres. The music is usually slow to mid paced with rare blast beat usage, without any abrupt changes and generally features slowly developing, sometimes repetitive melodies and riffs, which separate it from other black metal styles. Subject matter usually concerns nature, folklore, mythology, and personal introspection. Artists include , and. Examples of black 'n' roll bands include , and. Bands such as , , , , and also experimented with the genre. Examples include , , , Fukpig, and. Examples of blackened death metal bands are , , and. Examples of blackened doom bands include , , , and early. It is associated with bands such as , , , , , and. The Norwegian band was one of the first bands commonly viewed as pagan metal. In the 1990s, bands such as and and Russian band began to combine black metal with. Dødheimsgard , from Norway and , and from France, have been acclaimed for their incorporation of industrial elements. Other industrial black metal musicians include , , , and. In addition, , and emerged from the Norwegian black metal scene, but later chose to experiment with industrial music. With origins in black metal and , it is typically manifested as Nordic folk-influenced black metal. Some common traits include a slow-paced and heavy riffing style, anthemic choruses, use of both clean and harsh vocals, a frequent reliance on , and, often, the use of for atmospheric effect. Viking metal developed in the 1980s through the mid-1990s as a rejection of and the , instead the and as the leaders of opposition to. It is similar, in lyrics, sound, and thematic imagery, to , but pagan metal has a broader mythological focus and utilizes folk instrumentation more extensively. The origin of Viking metal can be traced to the albums 1988 and 1990 by Swedish band Bathory. War metal bands include , , , , and. It is fiercely and the other main , and. Many black metal bands are and see Satanism as a key part of black metal. Black metal tends to be and hostile to modern society. The black metal scene tends to oppose , , , and homogeneity. As part of this, black metal glorifies nature and has a fascination with the distant past. It has been likened to and there is an undercurrent of in the genre. Unlike other kinds of metal, black metal has numerous one-man bands. In his master's thesis, Benjamin Hedge Olson wrote that some artists can be seen as. Satanism The is commonly used by bands in the genre Black metal was originally a term for extreme metal bands with Satanic lyrics and imagery. However, most of the 'first wave' bands including Venom, who coined the term 'black metal' were not Satanists and rather used Satanic themes or artwork to provoke controversy or gain attention. Mayhem's Euronymous was the key figure behind this. Some prominent scene members—such as Euronymous and Faust —stated that only bands who are Satanists can be called 'black metal'. Bands with a Norwegian style, but without Satanic lyrics, tended to use other names for their music. This view is still held by many artists — such as , , and Erik Danielsson. Some bands, like the reformed Dissection and Watain, insist that all members must be of the same Satanic belief, whereas Michael Ford of and MkM of believe black metal must be Satanic but not all band members need to be Satanists. Others—such as , and Eric Horner —believe that black metal does not need to be Satanic. Bands with a similar style but with Pagan lyrics tend to be referred to as 'Pagan Metal' by many 'purist' black-metallers. Nevertheless, some artists use Satan as a symbol or metaphor for their beliefs. This includes who are atheist and others. Despite the high amount of Satanism in black metal, some black metal bands such as , and do not have Satanic lyrics. National Socialist black metal Main article: National Socialist black metal also known as NSBM promotes or similar beliefs through its lyrics and imagery. Artists typically meld neo-Nazi ideology with ethnic European paganism, but a few meld these beliefs with Satanism or occultism. Some commentators see this ideology as a natural development of the black metal worldview. Members of the early Norwegian scene flirted with neo-Nazism, but this was partly an attempt to provoke. Varg Vikernes—who now refers to his ideology as '' —is credited with popularizing such views within the scene. NSBM emerged in the mid-1990s and was spearheaded by artists such as from Germany , , and Veles from Poland , Branikald from Russia and from the US. It is particularly strong in the former. There are dozens of NSBM bands, several independent record labels and zines devoted to NSBM, and festivals associated with it. Some black metal bands have been wrongly labeled as NSBM for exploring Nazi Germany in their lyrics or referencing it for shock value. Although there is an undercurrent of 'right-wing' nationalism in black metal, NSBM artists are a small minority within the genre. While some black metal fans boycott NSBM artists, many are indifferent or appreciate the music without supporting the musicians. NSBM has been criticized by some prominent and influential black metal artists — including , , , , Michael Ford, and. Red and Anarchist black metal Red and Anarchist black metal also known as RABM or anarchist black metal , promotes ideologies such as , , and. It was born as a reaction to NSBM and from the melding of black metal with anarchist. Artists labelled RABM include , , Skagos, Storm of Sedition, Not A Cost, Black Kronstadt, and Vidargangr. Others with similar outlook, such as Wolves in the Throne Room, are not overtly political and do not endorse the label. Unblack metal Main article: Unblack metal or Christian black metal promotes Christianity through its lyrics and imagery. The first unblack metal record, 1994 by Australian artist , was a provocative parody of Norwegian black metal. It sparked controversy, and death threats were issued against Horde. Norwegian Christian band adopted a black metal style in the late-1990s. However, current unblack metal bands such as feel that black metal has changed from an ideological movement to a purely musical genre, and thus call their music 'black metal'. It explores some of the aspects of the lifestyle, beliefs and controversies surrounding former Gorgoroth vocalist. There is no narrator and no one outside of black metal takes part in any interview or storytelling. 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